The scientific landscape in India has evolved remarkably, compelled by the contributions of numerous trailblazers who have significantly advanced various fields. Women have played important roles in science and technology (S&T), but their efforts have frequently gone unacknowledged. Historically, women in science have faced substantial obstacles, from cultural norms to limited access to education and professional opportunities. However, their participation in scientific research has progressively increased, particularly after Independence, marked by significant historical achievements and ongoing efforts to close the gender gap.
WOMEN IN SCIENCE IN PRE-INDEPENDENCE INDIA
Prior to India’s Independence, the status of women in science was challenging as they faced significant obstacles stemming from deeply ingrained social and cultural standards. Acceptance in scientific fields was challenging due to a lack of access to education as well as the male preponderance in educational institutions. Because women were expected to concentrate on household duties, cultural stereotypes portray science as a ‘masculine’ discipline, thus marginalising women’s involvement in academics. Despite these constraints, a few determined women defied societal norms, achieving remarkable success in scientific fields and paving the way for future generations.
This period saw the rise of notable individuals like Anandi Gopal Joshi, the first Indian woman to obtain a degree in Western medicine in the United States, and Kadambini Ganguly, the first female graduate of Calcutta University and a trailblazing physician. With their degrees in 1886, both made substantial contributions to the advancement of women in science. Comparably, famous botanist Janaki Ammal surmounted significant obstacles in her career to achieve important advances in the field of cytogenetics. By proving that women can succeed in traditionally male-dominated areas, these women collectively set the foundation for generations to come.
Even after Independence, these obstacles remained in place since the urge for equitable participation in diverse areas was eclipsed by traditional gender roles. Due to institutional biases and a lack of support, women who wanted to work in science were under-represented in scientific research.
POST-INDEPENDENCE: INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT & PROGRESS
After India’s Independence in 1947, the government made concerted efforts to democratise education and promote women’s education, marking a pivotal shift in the educational sector. The Indian commitment to equality opened up opportunities for women in S&T. The establishment of esteemed organisations like the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) marked a significant turning point for women in science education and research.
Over time, attempts were made to include more women in scientific research, as their enrollment was initially low. In order to encourage women to pursue areas like engineering, medicine, and the natural sciences, the University Grants Commission (UGC) established fellowships and scholarships. More women were able to pursue careers in science and technology because of these initiatives as well as a renewed emphasis on education and skill development.
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RISING PARTICIPATION AND SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
Over the past few decades, the policy actions aiming at advancing gender equality have led to a major increase in the participation of women in scientific research in India. More women have pursued careers in engineering, physics, chemistry, and medicine since the 1970s. This shift is best illustrated by notable achievements like Dr Indira Hinduja’s revolutionary work in in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). These accomplishments demonstrate the increasing impact of women on the development of Indian science.
Additionally, women have significantly advanced a number of scientific domains. Women researchers have been instrumental in advancing agricultural, health, and environmental sciences. For example, Dr Manju Sharma’s contributions to genetic engineering and biotechnology have had a major impact on India’s agricultural policy and practices.
Gender disparity still exists in spite of these developments, especially in positions involving advanced research and leadership. According to reports, women’s participation in science and technology research in India is between 14% and 17%, which is much less than the 29% global average. This lack of representation is a reflection of structural barriers to women’s full involvement in scientific research, which is commonly known as the ‘leaky pipeline’.
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Government initiatives such as the Women Scientist Scheme (WOS) and the KIRAN (Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through Nurturing) programmes and schemes have provided essential financial and structural support to women researchers, particularly those returning to their careers after breaks. According to the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE), women now constitute approximately 43% of all enrolled students, indicating a growing presence in higher education. In addition, women are increasingly assuming significant roles in scientific associations, where they advocate for policies that promote gender parity and inclusivity.
CURRENT STATUS: ACHIEVEMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Women’s involvement in S&T today indicates important progress. Despite making up 43% of India’s scientific graduates, women are still under-represented in R&D roles. India’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) places a growing emphasis on the value of gender participation in scientific research and development. The 2020 draft STI Policy recognises the under-representation of women in STEM professions and promotes gender-sensitive approaches to research and innovation.
In order to close the gender gap, government programmes such as the Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) and the SERB POWER programme have been crucial in giving women access to mentorship, scholarships, and focused research grants.
Furthermore, initiatives aiming at expanding the number of women in leadership roles within scientific institutions are promoted by the Department of Science and Technology’s (DST) GATI (Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions) initiative. The accomplishments of women in research and development are exemplified by individuals like Dr Tessy Thomas, Dr Aditi Sen De, and Dr Gagandeep Kang. Women scientists have produced notable advances in fields like biotechnology, quantum information, microbiology, and missile technology.
CHALLENGES TO FULL PARTICIPATION
Women’s participation in scientific research has advanced, yet still there are many obstacles to overcome. Due to gender bias in hiring and promotion procedures, women are still under-represented in leadership and decision-making positions. Many women find it difficult to obtain research funding comparable to that of men, and socio-cultural expectations surrounding marriage, parenthood, and caring prevent them from fully pursuing careers in research. Particularly in disciplines like computer science, physics, and engineering, the ‘leaky pipeline’ problem serves as an example of the institutional and societal hurdles that still exist.
Women’s progress to senior roles in science and technology is further hampered by institutional discrimination, cultural biases, and a lack of mentorship. During evaluations, women scientists can face unconscious biases that lead to unequal project allocations and promotions. Women are frequently forced to make difficult decisions that impede their career advancement due to the lack of flexible work options and insufficient support for juggling work and home obligations.
PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH: A MORE INCLUSIVE FUTURE
The future of women in India seems bright as more women participate in scientific research and their contributions are acknowledged. Younger generations are inspired by the accomplishments of women in science, such as Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in biotechnology and Rohini Godbole in theoretical physics. These pioneers, along with well-known individuals like Purnima Sinha, Bibha Chowdhuri, Kamala Sohonie, and E K Janaki Ammal, have cleared the path for upcoming women scientists and left a legacy that inspires people today.
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To fully realise the potential of women in science, efforts must address work-life balance, ensure gender parity in research funding, and promote inclusive institutional practices. Strengthening mentorship programmes, increasing visibility of women’s contributions, and establishing conducive research environments are imperative to encourage women not only to enter but also to succeed in scientific careers. By promoting a sustained pipeline of women scientists, these initiatives will ensure their growth and influence on scientific advancement in the country.
ENHANCING THE VISIBILITY OF WOMEN IN S&T
For India to be a leader in innovation and sustainable development, it is imperative that women’s contributions to science and technology be acknowledged and celebrated. Even if there has been a lot of progress, women’s contributions to the socioeconomic development of the country must be recognised. In a variety of fields, such as biotechnology, vaccine research, and reproductive health, women have made significant contributions. Their path breaking research has impacted global immunisation programmes and enhanced public health. Women are crucial to the advancement of national goals in industries like artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and defence technologies.
Access to financing and mentorship has improved thanks to government initiatives that encourage women scientists, especially those who are returning to the workforce. These programmes encourage the next generation to seek jobs in STEM by incorporating women’s contributions into national goals. AI, robotics, and manufacturing, researchers and companies driven by women are essential to India’s competitiveness and energy independence. In addition, women scientists help tackle national issues like climate change and food security.
Policies that support gender parity in research leadership and offer incentives for women to progress in their careers must be put in place by organisations.
India’s leadership in research and innovation is strengthened when women’s accomplishments are highlighted in national and international forums. Diverse viewpoints in decision-making are ensured by increased representation in global advisory bodies like NITI Aayog and the Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor.
Girls are encouraged to pursue STEM right from school like Vigyan Jyoti to advanced research to reduce the gender gap. Public-private sector partnerships can increase women’s involvement in corporate R&D, encouraging workplace diversity and creativity.
Women also play a crucial role in science diplomacy, representing India on international platforms and leading partnerships to address global challenges like health crises and climate change. Enhancing their involvement elevates India’s international standing.
As India aims for 2047, it envisions an ecosystem where women are co-creators in science and innovation. Initiatives like the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) support women-led projects, fostering gender parity and leveraging diverse perspectives for national growth.
CONCLUSION
The journey of women’s contributions to science and technology in India has been marked by notable advancements, successes, and enduring challenges. Despite ongoing barriers, women’s increasing involvement in S&T represents a transformative shift toward gender parity in the scientific community.
By imbibing an inclusive environment that encourages funding, support, and mentorship for women scientists, India can unlock its full talent potential and drive innovation.
India’s vision for women in scientific research emphasises leadership, creativity, and inclusivity, aligning with the aspirations of Amrit Kal by 2047. Women can take the lead in addressing pressing global issues like healthcare innovation and climate change by shattering conventional barriers and making important contributions across sectors. Leveraging women’s scientific abilities will improve the country’s research capacity and international reputation as 2047 draws near. India has the potential to set a new benchmark for inclusive growth and scientific leadership by utilising the skills of half of its population.
*The writer is Senior Scientist, INSA (Indian National Science Academy), Department of Science & Technology (DST).
